Roof Caps For Bath and Kitchen Exhaust Ducts

I want these things in the roof cap of a bath or kitchen exhaust duct:
(and I want them in any roof penetration)

1. There is no compromise of two layers of sealing against roof leakage in water down-flow from the roof.
2. There is no possibility of siphon action, with leakage from water flow driven upward on the roof.
3. There is back-draft protection at the roof, that can not mechanically jam.This is also effective protection that small pests do not find refuge in ducts below. Design of the back-draft protection shall ensure materials don't degrade , free of service needs for minimum 25 years. Jamming open with excessive grease carry in kitchen exhaust shall be warned-against, including provision of maintenance procedures.
4. Screening of maximum 1/4" mesh keeps out larger pests.
5. Materials shall serve without failure of barrier functions for fifty years minimum.
6. The cuts through roof sheathing and shingles must be of minimum size matched to that of a served duct.
7. Positive means shall assure that a cap is not misaligned with roof cuts and served ducting in a way that compromises flow capacity, structural integrity and safety of the roof, and water-tight integrity.
8. The cap screen, body interior, and the back-draft protection shall be easily serviceable from the roof, without compromise of watertight integrity.

I will now detail innovation in which all of these wishes are achieved. Readers should appreciate this for the fact that these wishes are not always achieved, especially those of Items 1, 2,3, 6, 7 and 8.

Suggestions and background here are based on ten years trying always to do better in each new installation, and are abbreviated from a photo album summary more-instructional to manufacturers I wish to influence. Where I offer invention, I intend always to prove existing practice and to fully disclose details, to ensure free availability to all, not allowing a competing patent.

Imagine a better way to cap a bath or kitchen exhaust duct at the roof, with a flow-check flapper upon an intermediate “penetration adapter.” The penetration adapter seals against water flow down the roof, superior to a one-piece cap. The adapter demands less release and reset of surrounding shingles. The cap, a powered fan or any other roof device needing roof penetration, serves only as a rain cover of the smallest-possible, neat hole cut through roof sheathing.

Shown is a 6” Famco roof cap, BK6BK. With an 8" dia. cut of the base, I have discarded the factory center, a 2" length of 6" pipe crimped into the plate, sealed with a bead of caulk. My spun-aluminum penetration adapter has same 6” ID, now bearing the Famco cap's flapper and silencing seat.


I imagine very-inexpensive stamped penetration adapters with minimal height of the formed throat. The flapper and a pipe of length about 1 1/2” as a mass-produced assembly, may be a cap about or crimped within, the adapter throat. Call the plate and its formed throat perhaps 1 1/2" tall, vent plate. As a separate piece, name a  flow-check cap. A two-piece assembly with flow check must not allow siphon action at its joining annulus, and the check must be restrained to assuredly fall and seat with no flow.

Here is my plan drawing for a job in progress with a 6" kitchen exhaust duct, employing the modified Famco cap of the above photo. See provision of a 2" circular tolerance for misalignment of cap and roof cut centers. This scales to all warm air pipe sizes. See that caps may be bigger than pipe size, with advantages in alignment and coverage of excessive roof cuts. 6" and 8" caps serve most needs. Oversize advantages are diminished or lost where the pipe alignment vs. the cap is fixed. Where there is no on-roof feature to engage a pipe, obstructive misalignment is invited.

Please visualize topside completion with this Summer 2016 photo for a 4" bath fan duct, with an injection-molded cap.

Here is an underside view of that cap, Norwesco RCV4 . One should wish for tolerance of some misalignment between the cap center and the smallest-possible roof cut, but an oversize square below a flapper-check here is not as helpful as size of the cap might permit. I suggest there should be about 2" diametral clearance between pipe and cap paths in which there is no performance penalty, in placing the cap to suit the shingle pattern.

Where the cap bore is about 3/4" above the roof bore in this installation, I think there is some added flow resistance.

Where Norwesco and Famco 4" and 6" plastic caps without stem are nearly identical and with a lot of misalignment potential, find argument that their flapper function should be transferred to a roof penetration assembly. Enlarge the crown and the opening of the base of their caps as in steel Broan 636 (up to 4" ducts) and 634  (up to 6" ducts), and their cheaper knock-offs at Home Depot. With this innovation, offer convenient duct joining means for the Broan steel caps. Get rid of jamming-prone rectangular flappers.



See here better trial placement of a duct for a pilot hole of a 4" bath fan duct.

Where I can now adjust the lengths of duct pipes, I am free to make a large shift of hole location to best align with shingles. An extra hole a short distance down-roof is of no consequence.

The added crossing 2x4 that accept cap mounting screws are not in my way, and help in the strapping of the duct. Wood blocks to drywall ensure worker force upon ducts does not threaten the friction-only elbow coupling to the penetration adapter,

The topside completion photo for this job is the third graphic in this post. With no constraints of underside arrangement, 1/2" plywood only, The Norwesco RCV4 roof cap top edge was tucked under a shingle course.


Here, accepting a pilot hole centered between skip sheathing boards, the tuck under a shingle course did not work out. Remember, the roof cap is only a direct-rain cover, in combination with the roof penetration adapter.

In the photo above, see steel/ EPDM washers cannibalized from inappropriate roofing screws. I shall never need more than 1x backing under plywood roof sheathing. Use 1 5/8" deck screws with independently-purchased 1/2" OD steel/ EPDM washers. Choose washers Made In USA, Aztec Washer Co., Poway, CA. And, know this choice is offered through chance, not through manufacturer and re-seller diligence. Read on, below.






























Wanting only the washers, I first purchased qty 100 of a too-small 3/8" OD washer from Raw Products, via Amazon.
Neoprene EPDM Washers 18/8 SS - #8 (OD .50) Qty-100
 $10.74  |   Qty : 1  |   Sold by Raw Products Corp 
$10.74 wasted. What next? I'm lucky to live in metro-Portland, Oregon, large-enough to support quite a few fastener store-fronts. At Oregon Bolt, Inc., persisting by phone I found admission  they had qty 300 of 1/2" washers like those on also-sold 2" roofing screws. I bought qty 100 of washers maybe a bit thin, identified as 15BW050STL, 8 X 1/2 BONDED SEALER WASHER AZTEC H. 

I can not select this washer at the Aztec web site . I will hope that anyone may find 1/2" gasketed washers, somehow.

Here are two more variants of 4" bath fan roof cap placement, allowed with penetration adapters. Cap placement must cope with existing or new holes, independent of shingle patterns.

Now record the Famco BK6BK cap installation on this roof, for exhaust of a kitchen microwave oven, in place of an unsuitable static vent. Here is the static vent, with poor proximity to a plumbing vent.

I must employ this roof cut, placing the Famco cap as far as possible from the plumbing vent.

Here is trial placement of the flappered 6" roof penetration adapter.

The better roof opening is quite long, requiring several "shingle bridges" above and below the penetration adapter. Add plywood strips below the roof sheathing to strongly engage 1 5/8" deck screws that retain the roof cap.

Here is the topside completion of the modified Famco cap.

Here is the efficient and secure 6" duct, installed in a now nicely accessible attic.

Here is the actual cap arrangement employing three shingle bridges, and the flappered penetration adapter. The elongated opening could have been mended using a one-piece cap, but there is more-assured mending of found shingle hacks and excess opening of the roof sheathing, before the cap is placed. In a new installation shingle and roof cuts are smallest-possible and are simple circles perhaps cut with a hole saw. In a re-roof the penetration adapter is more-easily laced among shingles, with unambiguous trimming needs, then the rain cover/ roof cap with no trimming of shingles, all with accuracy.